Shangas said:Lobotomies scare me. But can someone answer a few questions I have?
1. What are they?
2. What purpose did they (supposedly) serve?
3. What effects did they have on the...ehm...patient?
Removal/scrambling of part of the frontal lobe. They supposedly rendered the mentally ill patient more tractable and calm (go figure) and could indeed, when "properly" done let them have something resembling a normal life afterward; there are "successful" lobotomies where the victim could work and so on afterward.
Not all the recipients were actually mentally ill before the procedure. There's a book about a guy who was a tragic recipient based on the fact he was a moody teenager in a dysfunctional family - he is, however, one of the lucky ones who could still function afterward.
And the mental illnesses to which this procedure was recommended were varied.
JFK's sister, for example, is considered to have likely been bipolar; the lobotomy was at best ill-advised. From Wikipedia:
Placid and easygoing as a child and teenager, the maturing Kennedy became increasingly assertive in her personality. She was reportedly subject to violent mood swings. Some observers have since attributed this behavior to her difficulties in keeping up with her active siblings, as well as the hormonal surges associated with puberty. In any case, the family had difficulty dealing with the often-stormy Rosemary, who had begun to sneak out at night from the convent where she was being educated and cared for.[2]
[...]
In 1941, when Rosemary was 23, her doctors told her father that a cutting edge procedure would help calm her "mood swings that the family found difficult to handle at home".[3] Her father gave permission for the procedure to be performed by Dr. Walter Freeman, the director of the laboratories at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, D.C., together with his partner, James W. Watts, MD, from the University of Virginia. Watts received his neurosurgical training at the Massachusetts General Hospital, and later he became the Chief of Neurosurgery at the George Washington University Hospital. Highly regarded, Dr. Watts later became the 91st president of the Medical Society of the District of Columbia. The procedure in question was a lobotomy.
At the time, only 65 lobotomies had been performed. Watts described the procedure as follows:
"We went through the top of the head, I think she was awake. She had a mild tranquilizer. I made a surgical incision in the brain through the skull. It was near the front. It was on both sides. We just made a small incision, no more than an inch." The instrument Dr. Watts used looked like a butter knife. He swung it up and down to cut brain tissue. "We put an instrument inside," he said. As Dr. Watts cut, Dr. Freeman put questions to Rosemary. For example, he asked her to recite the Lord's Prayer or sing "God Bless America" or count backwards. ... "We made an estimate on how far to cut based on how she responded." ... When she began to become incoherent, they stopped.[4]
Instead of producing the hoped-for result, however, the lobotomy reduced Rosemary to an infantile mentality that left her incontinent and staring blankly at walls for hours. Her verbal skills were reduced to unintelligible babble. Her mother remarked that although the lobotomy stopped her daughter's violent behavior, it left her completely incapacitated. "Rose was devastated; she considered it the first of the Kennedy family tragedies."[5]