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Eye-Witness Account of Hitler's WWI Years Found
Hitler's years in the German army during World War I have long been a mystery due to the lack of eyewitness accounts. Now a memoir written by a forgotten German author of fantastic literature has been rediscovered -- and sheds new light on the F?ºhrer.
The words were written by Alexander Moritz Frey, a young medical assistant in the German trenches during World War I:
"One evening a pale, tall man tumbled down into the cellar after the first shells of the daily evening attack had begun to fall, fear and rage glowing in his eyes. At that time he looked tall, because he was so thin. A full moustache ... covered the ugly slit of his mouth."
"He sat there panting .... His yellow face grew red ... and he resembled a gobbling turkey as he began to rant about the English. ... I immediately had the same impression that many had of him later -- that he took the military maneuvers of the enemy personally, as if they wanted to take his precious life in particular."
Years later, they would. The man Frey had met was Private Adolf Hitler.
But Frey's writings on Hitler -- in the form of essays and fiction -- were eventually forgotten. Historians have spent the decades since the Nazi dictator took his life in his Berlin bunker at the very end of World War II trying to decipher the Hitler enigma -- but nobody really knew what Hitler the soldier was like.
Until now. German journalist Stefan Ernsting recently rediscovered the work that Frey, who served alongside Hitler in the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment, left behind. Ernsting's new biography of Hitler's fellow soldier, "The Fantastic Rebel Alexander Moritz Frey," republishes Frey's eyewitness accounts of the man who would change 20th century history. It is the first reliable, first-person account by someone who served alongside Hitler.
"Two or three of his former comrades tried to cash in on having known Hitler during the war, but their testimonies were not useful for historical research because you couldn't separate facts from fiction and most of it was just nostalgia anyway," Ernsting told SPIEGEL ONLINE.
Ernsting stumbled on the trail of Frey's eye-witness accounts of Hitler while reading an anthology of essays about early German science fiction and fantasy writing. "One essay about Frey mentioned in passing that he had fought alongside Hitler in World War I," Ernsting recalls. "I thought, wait a minute. I have to check this out."
Ernsting began scouring libraries and archives for information about the obscure writer. He struck gold when he found an obscure essay by Frey entitled "The Unknown Private -- Personal Memories of Hitler" ("Der unbekannte Gefreite -- pers??nliche Erinnerungen an Hitler") in an archive in the German town of Marbach.
Frey's essay is reprinted in full in the new biography. And it makes clear that Frey, whose left-wing politics forced him to go into exile in 1933, had little love for the young Austrian who would later become the F?ºhrer. "He spoke, ranted, boasted and distorted the true state of affairs with a certain cunning talent already back then as a lowly private, just as he would do 25 years later," Frey writes.
But his account gives new insight into Hitler's character during those formative years. "When people claim that he had been a coward, that's not true," Frey writes. "But he also wasn't brave; he lacked the composure for that. He was always alert, ready to act, back-stabbing, very concerned about himself."
Frey, a pacifist, served as a medical assistant in the regiment. He once had to treat Hitler, and "gave him some sort of tablet to swallow." However Hitler ignored Frey's recommendation that he see a doctor -- so that he would gain the reputation among his comrades of someone who soldiered on despite being ill. "He made sure that ... it came to the ears of the officers that Hitler has a 'terrific throat infection' but is doing his duty nonetheless," Frey writes.
Frey believed that the reason Hitler was never promoted -- a question which has vexed historians for many years -- was the same reason why he himself was happy to remain a medical assistant. Those serving in the trenches were more likely to get promotions. But as dangerous as many duties behind the lines were, there were fewer privations. "Compared to the terrible hardship of serving in the trenches, our posting was a small relief, complete with small comforts," Frey writes.
Old comrades
Frey, who was born in 1881 in Munich, originally studied law in Heidelberg and Freiburg but decided early on that he wanted to be a writer. He returned to Munich and dedicated himself to writing short stories and novels, specializing in the emerging genre of fantastic literature, which would later become science fiction.
After the war, Frey returned to Munich and his career went from strength to strength. His novels were well-received and for several years he wrote regularly for the famous satirical magazine "Simplicissmus."
But one unpleasant figure from his past kept cropping up. "After the end of the war in Munich, where we both lived, I often saw Hitler, although I never spoke to him again," Frey writes in "The Unknown Private."
He also ran into Hitler in the popular Caf?© Heck, where Hitler tried to get his henchman Max Amann -- who had been in the same regiment as Frey and Hitler and later became an influential early Nazi Party member -- to convert the young writer to the Nazi cause. "'Hitler will make it, believe me, Frey, he will make it,'" Frey recalled Amann as saying. "'And you will regret it if you don't listen to me,' he told me. ... I made it unmistakably clear to him that I did not share the Nazi worldview."
Frey even ran into Hitler on the street the evening before the infamous 1923 Bierhall Putsch, which came to a violent end on Munich's Odeonsplatz. "He was alone, prowling along in the manner of a predator before it leaps, imagining its prey. He didn't see his surroundings," he later recalled.
Into exile
Years later, Frey saw Hitler one last time, on March 15, 1938 when Hitler proclaimed the Anschluss of Austria on Vienna's Heldenplatz. Frey had fled Munich in 1933 after his apartment was raided and a warrant was issued for his arrest. He first went to Innsbruck before heading to Salzburg, where he slipped further and further into poverty, unable to get published.
And after the Nazis arrived, Frey didn't stay long in Austria either, escaping to Switzerland three days after the Anschluss. He would spend the rest of his life in Switzerland, perpetually struggling with the authorities to be allowed to stay.
After the war, Frey continued to fight against the Nazis, leading a personal crusade against 88 German authors who had signed a statement pledging their allegiance to Hitler in 1933. Nevertheless, Frey and his works were slowly forgotten. He died in January 1957.
Now though, thanks to Ernsting, Frey is back in the spotlight. Ernsting believes the newly-discovered accounts of Hitler are significant in that they help to "debunk the image of the F?ºhrer who did not shave and did not take a shower and was untouchable, and all this mythology Hitler created for himself."
"We're still treating Hitler like he's some holy man or something," he comments. "Let's stop doing that. He was just a pathetic little psychopath and they all fell for it."
ALEXANDER MORITZ FREY ON ADOLF HITLER
"He took the military maneuvers of the enemy personally."
"One evening a pale, tall man tumbled down into the cellar after the first shells of the daily evening attack had begun to fall, fear and rage glowing in his eyes. At that time he looked tall, because he was so thin. A full moustache, which had to be trimmed later because of the new gas masks, covered the ugly slit of his mouth."
"He sat there panting ... . His yellow face grew red, ... and he resembled a gobbling turkey as he began to rant about the English. ... I immediately had the same impression that many had of him later -- that he took the military maneuvers of the enemy personally, as if they wanted to take his precious life in particular. ...
"We gave him something to drink, he calmed down a little and then he got worked up again about the impertinence and stupidity of the enemy. Finally he stuck his head carefully outside, listened around, and, seeing that everything was calm, the shelling long over, he disappeared with an ill-tempered farewell."
"When people claim that he had been a coward, that's not true."
"He spoke, ranted, boasted and distorted the true state of affairs with a certain cunning talent already back then as a lowly private, just as he would do 25 years later -- to all intents and purposes with the same words -- as the holder of unlimited power."
"When people claim that he had been a coward, that's not true. But he also wasn't brave, he lacked the composure for that. He was always alert, ready to act, back-stabbing, very concerned about himself. All his comradeship was an act -- an act cleverly chosen for the simple and na?Øve -- to make himself popular and to create a striking impression. He knew the tricks that one could use to throw nuggets to the youngsters that they would happily swallow."
"I gave him some sort of tablet to swallow."
"I gave him some sort of tablet to swallow. He had a mild temperature and a raw red throat. Although it was as good as nothing and it would normally have been ignored at the front, I advised him nonetheless to register for a doctor's appointment the next day. He thought for a moment, hesitated -- and then shook his head, ... clenched determination in his eyes. No, he didn't want that, he said opaquely. In the later course of his illness, he made sure that it was talked about among his fellow soldiers and that it also came to the ears of the officers that Hitler has a 'terrific throat infection' but is doing his duty nonetheless."
"Hitler sat opposite us, sleeping with his mouth open."
"I sat together with Max Amann and Hitler in the same train compartment ... Hitler sat opposite us, sleeping with his mouth open. ... He slept with his chin hanging down and had stretched out his feet in such a way that Amann, with his short fat legs -- he always had plenty to eat due to his connections ... -- was wedged in. .. He gave the sleeping man a kick against the shinbone. Hitler gave a start.
"'Kindly keep your joints to yourself!' said the sergeant in a commanding tone. Hitler understood, then he went red. For a moment he looked liked he wanted to lunge at the other man, but immediately managed to keep his temper under control and he said nothing. Amann said, in a sarcastically pacifying tone, "Yes, I mean you, Private Hitler."
"He bought his newspapers at the same newspaper stand as I did."
"After the end of the war in Munich, where we both lived, I often saw Hitler, although I never spoke to him again. For a long time we lived in the same neighborhood. I often ran into him in the Maximilianstrasse. He bought his newspapers at the same newspaper stand as I did. He bought a lot of newspapers at the same time ... The newspaper woman appreciated him as one of her best customers. Incidentally she complained loudly, in a very Bavarian way, about the Nazi gangs."
"I made it unmistakably clear to him that I did not share the Nazi worldview."
"We ran into each other sometimes in Caf?© Heck, one of the three Hofgarten caf?©s. Hitler would sit there together with a half dozen confidants. He always greeted me hastily, the blood rising quickly in his face, probably because of his antipathy towards me. He sent his Max Amann over to me. He was supposed to win me over to the movement. 'Hitler will make it, believe me, Frey, he will make it. And you will regret it if you don't listen to me,' he told me. ... He tried several times, inviting me to large Nazi rallies ... I made it unmistakably clear to him that I did not share the Nazi worldview. He knew that I was published in democratic and social-democratic periodicals, and he harshly condemned my 'service in the pay of the Jewish press.' I took my leave of him with just as much energy."
"He was alone, prowling along in the manner of a predator before it leaps."
"As fate would have it, I met Hitler on the evening before his putsch in the B?ºrgerbr?§ukeller. It was in Maximilianstrasse again ... Incredibly nobody appeared to recognize Hitler, at least not the majority of the passers-by. ... He was alone, prowling along in the manner of a predator before it leaps, imagining its prey, he didn't see his surroundings; the evil, fanatical stare was directed into the empty air, which meant he was walking along in the abundance of his demonical visions. ... He was walking along, not wearing a hat, his permanently oily, shimmering black hair was combed very precisely, and he was wearing a yellow raincoat."
Hitler's years in the German army during World War I have long been a mystery due to the lack of eyewitness accounts. Now a memoir written by a forgotten German author of fantastic literature has been rediscovered -- and sheds new light on the F?ºhrer.
The words were written by Alexander Moritz Frey, a young medical assistant in the German trenches during World War I:
"One evening a pale, tall man tumbled down into the cellar after the first shells of the daily evening attack had begun to fall, fear and rage glowing in his eyes. At that time he looked tall, because he was so thin. A full moustache ... covered the ugly slit of his mouth."
"He sat there panting .... His yellow face grew red ... and he resembled a gobbling turkey as he began to rant about the English. ... I immediately had the same impression that many had of him later -- that he took the military maneuvers of the enemy personally, as if they wanted to take his precious life in particular."
Years later, they would. The man Frey had met was Private Adolf Hitler.
But Frey's writings on Hitler -- in the form of essays and fiction -- were eventually forgotten. Historians have spent the decades since the Nazi dictator took his life in his Berlin bunker at the very end of World War II trying to decipher the Hitler enigma -- but nobody really knew what Hitler the soldier was like.
Until now. German journalist Stefan Ernsting recently rediscovered the work that Frey, who served alongside Hitler in the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment, left behind. Ernsting's new biography of Hitler's fellow soldier, "The Fantastic Rebel Alexander Moritz Frey," republishes Frey's eyewitness accounts of the man who would change 20th century history. It is the first reliable, first-person account by someone who served alongside Hitler.
"Two or three of his former comrades tried to cash in on having known Hitler during the war, but their testimonies were not useful for historical research because you couldn't separate facts from fiction and most of it was just nostalgia anyway," Ernsting told SPIEGEL ONLINE.
Ernsting stumbled on the trail of Frey's eye-witness accounts of Hitler while reading an anthology of essays about early German science fiction and fantasy writing. "One essay about Frey mentioned in passing that he had fought alongside Hitler in World War I," Ernsting recalls. "I thought, wait a minute. I have to check this out."
Ernsting began scouring libraries and archives for information about the obscure writer. He struck gold when he found an obscure essay by Frey entitled "The Unknown Private -- Personal Memories of Hitler" ("Der unbekannte Gefreite -- pers??nliche Erinnerungen an Hitler") in an archive in the German town of Marbach.
Frey's essay is reprinted in full in the new biography. And it makes clear that Frey, whose left-wing politics forced him to go into exile in 1933, had little love for the young Austrian who would later become the F?ºhrer. "He spoke, ranted, boasted and distorted the true state of affairs with a certain cunning talent already back then as a lowly private, just as he would do 25 years later," Frey writes.
But his account gives new insight into Hitler's character during those formative years. "When people claim that he had been a coward, that's not true," Frey writes. "But he also wasn't brave; he lacked the composure for that. He was always alert, ready to act, back-stabbing, very concerned about himself."
Frey, a pacifist, served as a medical assistant in the regiment. He once had to treat Hitler, and "gave him some sort of tablet to swallow." However Hitler ignored Frey's recommendation that he see a doctor -- so that he would gain the reputation among his comrades of someone who soldiered on despite being ill. "He made sure that ... it came to the ears of the officers that Hitler has a 'terrific throat infection' but is doing his duty nonetheless," Frey writes.
Frey believed that the reason Hitler was never promoted -- a question which has vexed historians for many years -- was the same reason why he himself was happy to remain a medical assistant. Those serving in the trenches were more likely to get promotions. But as dangerous as many duties behind the lines were, there were fewer privations. "Compared to the terrible hardship of serving in the trenches, our posting was a small relief, complete with small comforts," Frey writes.
Old comrades
Frey, who was born in 1881 in Munich, originally studied law in Heidelberg and Freiburg but decided early on that he wanted to be a writer. He returned to Munich and dedicated himself to writing short stories and novels, specializing in the emerging genre of fantastic literature, which would later become science fiction.
After the war, Frey returned to Munich and his career went from strength to strength. His novels were well-received and for several years he wrote regularly for the famous satirical magazine "Simplicissmus."
But one unpleasant figure from his past kept cropping up. "After the end of the war in Munich, where we both lived, I often saw Hitler, although I never spoke to him again," Frey writes in "The Unknown Private."
He also ran into Hitler in the popular Caf?© Heck, where Hitler tried to get his henchman Max Amann -- who had been in the same regiment as Frey and Hitler and later became an influential early Nazi Party member -- to convert the young writer to the Nazi cause. "'Hitler will make it, believe me, Frey, he will make it,'" Frey recalled Amann as saying. "'And you will regret it if you don't listen to me,' he told me. ... I made it unmistakably clear to him that I did not share the Nazi worldview."
Frey even ran into Hitler on the street the evening before the infamous 1923 Bierhall Putsch, which came to a violent end on Munich's Odeonsplatz. "He was alone, prowling along in the manner of a predator before it leaps, imagining its prey. He didn't see his surroundings," he later recalled.
Into exile
Years later, Frey saw Hitler one last time, on March 15, 1938 when Hitler proclaimed the Anschluss of Austria on Vienna's Heldenplatz. Frey had fled Munich in 1933 after his apartment was raided and a warrant was issued for his arrest. He first went to Innsbruck before heading to Salzburg, where he slipped further and further into poverty, unable to get published.
And after the Nazis arrived, Frey didn't stay long in Austria either, escaping to Switzerland three days after the Anschluss. He would spend the rest of his life in Switzerland, perpetually struggling with the authorities to be allowed to stay.
After the war, Frey continued to fight against the Nazis, leading a personal crusade against 88 German authors who had signed a statement pledging their allegiance to Hitler in 1933. Nevertheless, Frey and his works were slowly forgotten. He died in January 1957.
Now though, thanks to Ernsting, Frey is back in the spotlight. Ernsting believes the newly-discovered accounts of Hitler are significant in that they help to "debunk the image of the F?ºhrer who did not shave and did not take a shower and was untouchable, and all this mythology Hitler created for himself."
"We're still treating Hitler like he's some holy man or something," he comments. "Let's stop doing that. He was just a pathetic little psychopath and they all fell for it."
ALEXANDER MORITZ FREY ON ADOLF HITLER
"He took the military maneuvers of the enemy personally."
"One evening a pale, tall man tumbled down into the cellar after the first shells of the daily evening attack had begun to fall, fear and rage glowing in his eyes. At that time he looked tall, because he was so thin. A full moustache, which had to be trimmed later because of the new gas masks, covered the ugly slit of his mouth."
"He sat there panting ... . His yellow face grew red, ... and he resembled a gobbling turkey as he began to rant about the English. ... I immediately had the same impression that many had of him later -- that he took the military maneuvers of the enemy personally, as if they wanted to take his precious life in particular. ...
"We gave him something to drink, he calmed down a little and then he got worked up again about the impertinence and stupidity of the enemy. Finally he stuck his head carefully outside, listened around, and, seeing that everything was calm, the shelling long over, he disappeared with an ill-tempered farewell."
"When people claim that he had been a coward, that's not true."
"He spoke, ranted, boasted and distorted the true state of affairs with a certain cunning talent already back then as a lowly private, just as he would do 25 years later -- to all intents and purposes with the same words -- as the holder of unlimited power."
"When people claim that he had been a coward, that's not true. But he also wasn't brave, he lacked the composure for that. He was always alert, ready to act, back-stabbing, very concerned about himself. All his comradeship was an act -- an act cleverly chosen for the simple and na?Øve -- to make himself popular and to create a striking impression. He knew the tricks that one could use to throw nuggets to the youngsters that they would happily swallow."
"I gave him some sort of tablet to swallow."
"I gave him some sort of tablet to swallow. He had a mild temperature and a raw red throat. Although it was as good as nothing and it would normally have been ignored at the front, I advised him nonetheless to register for a doctor's appointment the next day. He thought for a moment, hesitated -- and then shook his head, ... clenched determination in his eyes. No, he didn't want that, he said opaquely. In the later course of his illness, he made sure that it was talked about among his fellow soldiers and that it also came to the ears of the officers that Hitler has a 'terrific throat infection' but is doing his duty nonetheless."
"Hitler sat opposite us, sleeping with his mouth open."
"I sat together with Max Amann and Hitler in the same train compartment ... Hitler sat opposite us, sleeping with his mouth open. ... He slept with his chin hanging down and had stretched out his feet in such a way that Amann, with his short fat legs -- he always had plenty to eat due to his connections ... -- was wedged in. .. He gave the sleeping man a kick against the shinbone. Hitler gave a start.
"'Kindly keep your joints to yourself!' said the sergeant in a commanding tone. Hitler understood, then he went red. For a moment he looked liked he wanted to lunge at the other man, but immediately managed to keep his temper under control and he said nothing. Amann said, in a sarcastically pacifying tone, "Yes, I mean you, Private Hitler."
"He bought his newspapers at the same newspaper stand as I did."
"After the end of the war in Munich, where we both lived, I often saw Hitler, although I never spoke to him again. For a long time we lived in the same neighborhood. I often ran into him in the Maximilianstrasse. He bought his newspapers at the same newspaper stand as I did. He bought a lot of newspapers at the same time ... The newspaper woman appreciated him as one of her best customers. Incidentally she complained loudly, in a very Bavarian way, about the Nazi gangs."
"I made it unmistakably clear to him that I did not share the Nazi worldview."
"We ran into each other sometimes in Caf?© Heck, one of the three Hofgarten caf?©s. Hitler would sit there together with a half dozen confidants. He always greeted me hastily, the blood rising quickly in his face, probably because of his antipathy towards me. He sent his Max Amann over to me. He was supposed to win me over to the movement. 'Hitler will make it, believe me, Frey, he will make it. And you will regret it if you don't listen to me,' he told me. ... He tried several times, inviting me to large Nazi rallies ... I made it unmistakably clear to him that I did not share the Nazi worldview. He knew that I was published in democratic and social-democratic periodicals, and he harshly condemned my 'service in the pay of the Jewish press.' I took my leave of him with just as much energy."
"He was alone, prowling along in the manner of a predator before it leaps."
"As fate would have it, I met Hitler on the evening before his putsch in the B?ºrgerbr?§ukeller. It was in Maximilianstrasse again ... Incredibly nobody appeared to recognize Hitler, at least not the majority of the passers-by. ... He was alone, prowling along in the manner of a predator before it leaps, imagining its prey, he didn't see his surroundings; the evil, fanatical stare was directed into the empty air, which meant he was walking along in the abundance of his demonical visions. ... He was walking along, not wearing a hat, his permanently oily, shimmering black hair was combed very precisely, and he was wearing a yellow raincoat."
